Alright guys, the year is closing in, and to celebrate, let's go over the last unit: Unit 6.
Memory:
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.Memory process-
encoding- the processing of information into the memory system.
storage-the retention of encoded material over time.
retrieval- the process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Recall VS. Recognition:
recall- you must retrieve the information from your memoryrecognition- you must identify the target from possible targets.
Flashbulb Memory
a clear moment of an emotionally significant moment orevent.
Implicit Learning -
Observable
improvements in a person's motor performance of which the person has no
awareness.
Observational
Learning:
Albert
Bandura and his BoBo Doll
We
learn through modeling behavior from others.Observational learning and
Operant Conditioning
Latent Learning:
sometimes
learning is hidden.
Insight Learning:
Wolfgang
Kohler and his chimpanzees.
Some
animals learn through the "ah ha" experience.
PositivePunishment-
something
bad added to decrease unwanted behavior
Negative Punishment-
something
good removed to cause unwanted behavior to decrease.
State of Consciousness(sleep, hypnosis, drugs)
Sleep-
a
state of consciousness
(We
are less aware of our surroundings)
Levels:
Conscious
Subconscious
Unconscious Daydreaming:
•help
us prepare for future events
•nourish
our social development
•
can substitute for impulsive behavior
Fantasy Prone Personalities:
Someone
who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and who spends
considerable time fantasizing.
Biological
Rhythms:
Annual
cycles- seasonal variations (ex. Hibernation. Seasonal affective disorder)
28
day cycle- menstrual cycle
24
hr cycle- our circadian rhythm
90minute
cycle- sleep cycles.
Circadian
Rhythm: our 24hr clock
•body
temp and awareness changes throughout the day
(Best
to test or study during circadian peaks.)
Sleep stages: (5)
•takes
about 90-100min for all stages to pass., brain waves will change
according to sleep stage, first 4 stages are called NREM sleep,
5th stage is REM sleep
1)
half wake, half sleep
Only
last a few minutes
Eyes
roll slightly
Brain
produces Theta Waves (high amplitude, low frequency/ slow)
2)
baseline of sleep
90minute
cycle , occupies about 45-60% of sleep
More
Theta Waves get progressively slower
3)
slow wave sleep, produce delta waves, if woken will be groggy (vital for
restoring body's growth, hormones and good health)
3/4)
lasts 15-30min, slow wave because brain activity slows dramatically from theta
rhythm of stage 2 to the much slower delta and the height or amplitude of the
waves increases dramatically.
Delta
sleep (deepest stage of sleep NOT REM and most restorative)
That
of a sleep deprived persons.
In
children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time, "dead
sleep"
5)
REM SLEEP 20-25% of nights
Breathing,
heart rate and brain wave activity quicken.
Vivid
dream
Lucid
dream
rapid
eye movement, very active brain , where dreams usually occur. Body
essentially paralyzed.
Insomnia-
problems falling asleep, affects 10% of the population.
Narcolepsy-
suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate
times. Directly into REM sleep. Less than .001% of population.
Sleep Apnea-
a person stops breathing during their sleep. Wake up momentarily, gasps for
air, then falls back asleep. Very common, especially in heavy males. CAN BE
FATAL
Night Terrors- sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance
of being terrified. Occur in Stage 4, not REM and are not often remembered.
Sleepwalking- affecting an estimated 10% of all humans at least once in their
lives.
•most
often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the
night.
