Friday, May 23, 2014

Unit 6

Alright guys, the year is closing in, and to celebrate, let's go over the last unit: Unit 6.


Memory:

 the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Memory process-
encoding- the processing of information into the memory system.
storage-the retention of encoded material over time.
retrieval- the process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Recall VS. Recognition:

recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory
  recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets.

Flashbulb Memory

 a clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or
event.



Implicit Learning -
Observable improvements in a person's motor performance of which the person has no awareness.
Observational Learning:
Albert Bandura and his BoBo Doll
We learn through modeling behavior from others.Observational learning and  Operant Conditioning
Latent Learning:
 sometimes learning is hidden.
Insight Learning:
 Wolfgang Kohler and his chimpanzees.
Some animals learn through the "ah ha" experience.


PositivePunishment- 
something bad added to decrease unwanted behavior
Negative Punishment- 
something good removed to cause unwanted behavior to decrease.

State of Consciousness(sleep, hypnosis, drugs)
Sleep-
 a state of consciousness
(We are less aware of our surroundings)
Levels:
Conscious
Subconscious
Unconscious Daydreaming:
•help us prepare for future events
•nourish our social development
• can substitute for impulsive behavior
Fantasy Prone Personalities:

Someone who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and who spends considerable time fantasizing.
Biological Rhythms:
Annual cycles- seasonal variations (ex. Hibernation. Seasonal affective disorder)
28 day cycle- menstrual cycle
24 hr cycle- our circadian rhythm
90minute cycle- sleep cycles.
Circadian Rhythm: our 24hr clock
•body temp and awareness changes throughout the day
(Best to test or study during circadian peaks.)
Sleep stages: (5)
•takes about 90-100min  for all stages to pass., brain waves will change according to sleep stage, first 4 stages are called NREM sleep,

 5th stage is REM sleep
1) half wake, half sleep

Only last a few minutes
Eyes roll slightly
Brain produces Theta Waves (high amplitude, low frequency/ slow)



2) baseline of sleep

90minute cycle , occupies about 45-60%  of sleep
More Theta Waves get progressively slower


3) slow wave sleep, produce delta waves, if woken will be groggy (vital for restoring body's growth, hormones and good health)


3/4)  lasts 15-30min, slow wave because brain activity slows dramatically from theta rhythm of stage 2 to the much slower delta and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically.
Delta sleep (deepest stage of sleep NOT REM and most restorative)
That of a sleep deprived persons.
In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time, "dead sleep"

5) REM SLEEP 20-25% of nights

Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken.
Vivid dream
Lucid dream
rapid eye movement, very active brain , where dreams usually occur.  Body essentially paralyzed. 

Insomnia- problems falling asleep, affects 10% of the population.

Narcolepsy- suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times.  Directly into REM sleep. Less than .001% of population.
Sleep Apnea- a person stops breathing during their sleep. Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep. Very common, especially in heavy males. CAN BE FATAL
Night Terrors- sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. Occur in Stage 4, not REM and are not often remembered.
Sleepwalking- affecting an estimated 10% of all humans at least once in their lives.
•most often occurs during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night. 

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