Motivation and Emotion

"What is my motivation?"

More like

"What caused my behavior?"

Or

"Why did I act that way?"

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Instinct Theory

Theorizes that we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors

Drive Reduction Theory

The idea that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need and maintain homeostasis

We are

                                                              Pushed by our needs 

& 

                                                               Pulled by incentives

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow said that we are motivated by needs and all needs are not created Equal. We are driven to satisfy the lower needs 

Or I guess in this day and age, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 2.0

JUST KIDDING.

Hunger

The psychological and physiological need to consume in order to prevent discomfort derived from the Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Lateral Hypothalamus

When stimulated, causes hunger

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

When stimulated, signals fullness

Leptin

• is a protien produced by bloated fat cells
• Hypothalamus senses rises in leptin and  will curb eating and increase activity

Set point

• The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat
• We are meant to be in a certain weight range
• When we fall below weight, our body increases hunger and decreases energy expenditure 

Body Chemistry

Glucose

• The hormone insulin converts glucose into fat if not used as energy
• When Glucose levels drop, hunger rises

Psychology of Hunger

External 

People whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than internal factors

• Food tastes better, we chew less when hungry
• Food tastes worse, we chew more (at the end of the meal)

Bulimia Nervosa

• Characterized by Binging large amounts of food and purging

Anorexia Nervosa

• Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight
• See themselves as fat
• Mostly women

Achievement Motivation

Intrinsic motivation

Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction

Extrinsic Motivation

Rewards that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves 

Management Theory

Theory X

• Manager believes that employees will work only when rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment
• Think employees are extrinsically motivated
• Only interested in Maslow's lower needs

Theory Y

• Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage through internal motive
• Interested in Maslow's higher needs

Emotion

• We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress 
• The body changes and recognizes the feeling

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

• Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli 

                        

Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion

• Emotion-arousing stimuli  simultaneously trigger:
• physiological responses
• subjective experience of emotion  

Schachter's 2-factor Theory

• To experience emotion, one must:

Be physically aroused
Cognitively label the arousal

Lie Detectors

Polygraphs are commonly used in attempts to detect lies

• Measures several of the Physiological responses accompanying emotion

Perspiration

Cardiovascular responses

Breathing changes

Catharsis

Releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy that relieves aggressive urges

Feel good - Do good phenomenon

• People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Adaptation-level Phenomenon

• Tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level

Relative Deprivation

• Perception that one is worse off than these whom one compares oneself